1. What are the 3 primary evolutionary branches of life? (5 points)
2. Sulfur respiring and sulfur oxidizing organisms both convert elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide. What, then, is the difference between these two kinds of metabolism? (10 points)
3. Indicate the predominantly thermophilic evolutionary groups and their thermophilic ancestry by highlighting the branches on the tree below. (5 points)
4. Deinococcus radiodurans is extremely resistant to dessication (drying) and irradiation. What is the basis for these abilities? (5 points)
5. Ciliates have two types of nucleii. What are they called and how do they differ? (5 points)
6. Describe (perhaps with a diagram as well) how halophilic Archaea get ATP from light. 10 points)
11. What are the three possibilities for the origin of a virus? (5 points)
7. During logarithmic growth, cyanobacteria need to make a fair amount of NADPH (for CO2 fixation) from photosynthesis, but in stationary phase growth they need only small amounts of NAPDH. How does their 2-photosystem photosynthetic process allow for them to vary the ratio of ATP:NADPH generated from light? (10 points)
8. Compare the endospores produced by low G+C gram-positive Bacteria with the spores produced by high G+C Gram-positive Bacteria. (5 points)
9. List 5 phylogenetic groups of Bacteria from which there are few, or no, cultivated species. How do we know they exist if we can’t grow them? (10 points)
10. Most methanogens make methane from _______ and _______. (5 points)
12. Give me the names of 2 genera (i.e. genus names) from each of 15 of these 16 phylogenetic groups. Cross out the group you chose not to answer. A list of genera extracted from the lecture notes is included on the next page to help jog your memory (other genera are acceptable, of course). The tree in question 3 may also help. (1 point each for a total of 30 points)
Aquifex group __________________________ ____________________________
Thermotoga group __________________________ ____________________________
Green non-sulfur Bacteria __________________________ ____________________________
Deinococcus group __________________________ ____________________________
Planctomycetes __________________________ ____________________________
Spirochaetes __________________________ ____________________________
Cytophaga group __________________________ ____________________________
Alpha-purple Bacteeria __________________________ ____________________________
Beta-purple Bacteria __________________________ ____________________________
Gamma-purple Bacteria __________________________ ____________________________
Delta-purple Bacteria __________________________ ____________________________
low G+C Gram-positive Bacteria __________________________ ____________________________
high G+C Gram-positive Bacteria __________________________ ____________________________
Diplomonads __________________________ ____________________________
Euglenoidozoans __________________________ ____________________________
Crenarchaea __________________________ ____________________________
Euryarchaea __________________________ ____________________________